City Government

A: No. One of its most attractive features is that the Commission-Manager form is adaptable to local conditions and preferences. For example, some communities have Commissions that are elected at large while other Commissions are elected by district. Some local governments have Mayors who are elected by the voters at large; others are elected by their colleagues on the Commission.

A: Managers serve at the pleasure of the Commission or governing body. They can be fired by a majority of the Commission, consistent with local laws, ordinances, or employment agreements they may have with the Commission. Control is always in the hands of the elected representatives of the people.

A: All Managers who belong to ICMA are bound by its Code of Ethics, which states that every member of the Association shall "refrain from participation in the election of the members of the employing legislative body, and from all partisan political activities which would impair performance as a professional administrator."

A: The Manager makes policy recommendations to the Commission, but the Commission may or may not adopt them and may modify the recommendations. The Manager is bound by whatever action the Commission takes.

A: The vacancy usually is announced in the ICMA Newsletter, and Managers, assistants, and others who are interested apply directly to the Commission. The Commission conducts a search for candidates, often by inviting Managers in other communities to apply if they are interested. ICMA makes no recommendations regarding candidates. Further information is available in the handbook Recruitment Guidelines for Selecting a Local Government Administrator, published by ICMA.

A: More than 75.5 million.

A: Successful examples of citizen participation in the local government service delivery decision-making process are widespread among professionally managed U.S. communities. Because professional local government management offers government of the people, by the people, and for the people, it sets the stage for citizen activism by encouraging open communication between citizens and their government. Examples range from visioning, in which citizens play a major role in determining the future of their community, to neighborhood service delivery, which involves residents through the development of citizen/government partnerships, to community-oriented local government services. Because political power is concentrated in the entire governing body rather than one elected official, more citizens have an opportunity to be elected to a position in which they have significant influence over the future of their community.

A: In Commission-Manager government, Commission members are the leaders and policy makers elected to represent the community and to concentrate on policy issues that are responsive to citizens' needs and wishes. The Manager is appointed by Commission to carry out policy and ensure that the entire community is being served. If the Manager is not responsive to the Commission's wishes, the Commission has authority to terminate the Manager at any time. In that sense, a Manager's responsiveness is tested daily.

A: Yes. Out of 199 cities with greater than 100,000 citizens, 112 use this form of government. Some examples are Phoenix, San Diego, Dallas, Cincinnati, San Antonio, Kansas City, Missouri and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina.

A: Yes, the National Civic League is a nonpartisan citizens organization founded in 1894. Its purpose is to serve as a clearinghouse for information on methods of improving state and local government; to encourage citizen participation in state and local government; and to provide guides, model charters, and laws on specific subjects. The League's Model City Charter, now in its seventh edition, has endorsed Commission-Manager government since 1915.

A: No. In fact, it is not restricted to cities. It is used by counties too. Currently, 3,625 cities operate under this form. Additionally, 529 counties indicate that they operate under the county administrator form. They vary greatly in size and characteristics, including independent cities, center cities, suburbs, and counties.

A: The Code specifies 12 ethical principles of personal and professional conduct, including dedication to the cause of good government. ICMA members believe in the effectiveness of representative democracy and the value of government services provided equitably to citizens within a community. ICMA members also are committed to standards of honesty and integrity more vigorous than those required by the law. Contact ICMA for a copy of the Code of Ethics.

A: In 1914, a group of appointed Managers formed a professional association, eventually known as the International City/County Management Association (ICMA), to share their expertise and experiences in local government management. Since that time, ICMA has been the professional organization for appointed chief management executives in local government. The purposes of ICMA are to enhance the quality of local government through professional management and to support and assist professional local government administrators internationally. To that end, the Association provides technical assistance and publications for local government professionals to help them improve their skills and increase their knowledge. ICMA also serves as a clearinghouse for the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information and data about local government.  

For further information on items referenced in this brochure, contact ICMA's Office of Member Services, 202-962-3680.

A: The Commission-Manager form is the system of local government that combines the strong political leadership of elected officials in the form of a Commission or other governing body, with the strong Managerial experience of an appointed local government Manager. The form establishes a representative system where all power is concentrated in the elected Commission and where the Commission hires a professionally trained Manager to oversee the delivery of public services.

A: The Commission is the legislative body; its members are the community's decision makers. Power is centralized in the elected Commission, which approves the budget and determines the tax rate, for example. The Commission also focuses on the community's goals, major projects, and such long-term considerations as community growth, land use development, capital improvement plans, capital financing, and strategic planning. The Commission hires a professional Manager to carry out the administrative responsibilities and supervises the Manager's performance.

A: Born out of the turn-of-the-century progressive reform movement, the Commission-Manager system of local government is one of the few original American contributions to political theory. In 1908, Staunton Virginia, instituted the first position legally defining, by ordinance, the broad authority and responsibility associated with today's professional local government Manager. Sumter South Carolina, was the first city to adopt a charter incorporating the basic principles of Commission-Manager government in 1912. Westmount Quebec, introduced the form to Canadia in 1913. The first large city to adopt the plan was Dayton Ohio, in 1914. The first counties to adopt it in the l930s were Arlington County Virginia, Durham County, and Robeson County North Carolina. Since its establishment, the Commission-Manager form has become the most popular form of government in the United States in communities with populations of 5,000 or greater. The form also is popular in Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand United Kingdom, Honduras, Chile, and Brazil. For more than 85 years, Commission-Manager government has responded to the changing needs of citizens and their communities.

A: The Manager is hired to serve the Commission and the community and to bring to the local government the benefits of training and experience in administering local government projects and programs on behalf of the governing body. The Manager prepares a budget for the Commission's consideration; recruits, hires, and supervises the government's staff; serves as the Commission's chief adviser; and carries out the Commission's policies. Commission members and citizens count on the Manager to provide complete and objective information, pros and cons of alternatives, and long-term consequences.

A: Earnings of Managers depend on their educational background and experience, the size and complexity of the local governments employing them, and the economic conditions of the regions where communities are located. The Commission sets the Manager's salary. Detailed information on salaries is compiled annually by ICMA and is available on request.

A: Mayors in Commission-Manager communities (or chairpersons in counties) are key political leaders and policy developers. In the case of the Commission, the Mayor is responsible for soliciting citizen views in forming these policies and interpreting them to the public. The Mayor presides at Commission meetings, serves as a spokesperson for the community, facilitates communication and understanding between elected and appointed officials, assists the Commission in setting goals and advocating policy decisions, and serves as a promoter and defender of the community. In addition, the Mayor serves as a key representative in intergovernmental relations. The Mayor, Commission, and Manager constitute a policy-development and management team.